Introduction
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures. A seizure is a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that causes a temporary disturbance in brain function. Epilepsy can affect people of all ages, but it is particularly common in children.
Understanding the disorder and its importance
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterised by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. It affects people of all ages but is particularly common in children. Understanding epilepsy is crucial because it impacts millions worldwide, affecting not only a child’s health but also their education, social life and overall development. Early diagnosis and proper management can significantly improve quality of life and long-term outcomes.
Signs and symptoms
The primary symptom of epilepsy is recurrent seizures, which can vary widely in type and severity. These may include absence seizures, which are brief lapses in awareness; and tonic-clonic seizures, which involve convulsions with loss of consciousness. Some children may experience focal seizures affecting one part of the body, while others might have atonic seizures resulting in sudden loss of muscle tone. Additional symptoms can include confusion, staring spells, unusual sensations and involuntary movements.
When to seek neurological assessment
Parents should seek neurological assessment if their child experiences a seizure for the first time or has recurrent episodes of unusual behaviour or movements. It’s also important to consult a neurologist if a child shows unexplained periods of confusion or loss of awareness. Immediate medical attention is necessary for seizures lasting more than five minutes or occurring in clusters.
Investigation and treatment strategies
Diagnosis of epilepsy typically involves a detailed medical history and a thorough neurological examination. Doctors often use an EEG (electroencephalogram) to measure brain activity and may order brain imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans to rule out structural abnormalities. Treatment strategies are diverse and tailored to each patient. Anti-epileptic medications are often the first line of treatment, but dietary therapies like the ketogenic diet may also be considered. In some cases, surgical interventions or vagus nerve stimulation might be recommended. Lifestyle modifications to avoid seizure triggers are also an important part of management. Treatment plans are individualised based on the type and frequency of seizures, the child’s age, and overall health status.
